american fuzzy lop (2.52b)
My latest book, Practical Doomsday, is now out. Please check it out!
American fuzzy lop is a security-oriented fuzzer that employs a novel type of compile-time instrumentation and genetic algorithms to automatically discover clean, interesting test cases that trigger new internal states in the targeted binary. This substantially improves the functional coverage for the fuzzed code. The compact synthesized corpora produced by the tool are also useful for seeding other, more labor- or resource-intensive testing regimes down the road.
Compared to other instrumented fuzzers, afl-fuzz is designed to be practical: it has modest performance overhead, uses a variety of highly effective fuzzing strategies and effort minimization tricks, requires essentially no configuration, and seamlessly handles complex, real-world use cases - say, common image parsing or file compression libraries.
Note: AFL hasnât been updated for a couple of years; while it should still work fine, a more complex fork with a variety of improvements and additional features, known as AFL++, is available from other members of the community and is worth checking out.
The âsales pitchâ
In a hurry? There are several fairly decent reasons to give afl-fuzz a try:
- **It is pretty sophisticated.**Itâs an instrumentation-guided genetic fuzzer capable of synthesizing complex file semantics in a wide range of non-trivial targets, lessening the need for purpose-built, syntax-aware tools. It also comes with a unique crash explorer, a test case minimizer, a fault-triggering allocator, and a syntax analyzer - making it dead simple to evaluate the impact of crashing bugs.
- **It has street smarts.**It is built around a range of carefully researched, high-gain test case preprocessing and fuzzing strategies rarely employed with comparable rigor in other fuzzing frameworks. As a result, it finds real bugs.
- **It is fast.**Thanks to its low-level compile-time or binary-only instrumentation and other optimizations, the tool offers near-native or better-than-native fuzzing speeds against common real-world targets. The newly-added persistent mode allows for exceptionally fast fuzzing of many programs with the help of minimal code modifications, too.
- **Itâs rock solid.**Compared to other instrumentation- or solver-based fuzzers, it has remarkably few gotchas and failure modes. It also comes with robust, user-friendly problem detection that guides you through any potential hiccups.
- **No tinkering required.**In contrast to most other fuzzers, the tool requires essentially no guesswork or fine-tuning. Even if you wanted to, you will find virtually no knobs to fiddle with and no âfuzzing ratiosâ to dial in.
- **Itâs chainable to other tools.**The fuzzer generates superior, compact test corpora that can serve as a seed for more specialized, slower, or labor-intensive processes and testing frameworks. It is also capable on on-the-fly corpus synchronization with any other software.
- It sports a hip, retro-style UI. Just scroll back to the top of the page. Enough said.
Want to try it out? Check out the documentation or grab the source code right away; there is also a single-page quick start guide. Still unconvinced? Have a look at the technical whitepaper to see what makes AFL tick.
The bug-o-rama trophy case
Yeah, it finds bugs. I am focusing chiefly on development and have not been running the fuzzer at a scale, but here are some of the notable vulnerabilities and other uniquely interesting bugs that are attributable to AFL (in large part thanks to the work done by other users):
| IJG jpeg 1 | libjpeg-turbo 1 2 | libpng 1 |
|---|---|---|
| libtiff 1 2 3 4 5 | mozjpeg 1 | PHP 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 |
| Mozilla Firefox 1 2 3 4 | Internet Explorer 1 2 3 4 | Apple Safari 1 |
| Adobe Flash / PCRE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 | sqlite 1 2 3 4⊠| OpenSSL 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 |
| LibreOffice 1 2 3 4 | poppler 1 2⊠| freetype 1 2 |
| GnuTLS 1 | GnuPG 1 2 3 4 | OpenSSH 1 2 3 4 5 |
| PuTTY 1 2 | ntpd 1 2 | nginx 1 2 3 |
| bash (post-Shellshock) 1 2 | tcpdump 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 | JavaScriptCore 1 2 3 4 |
| pdfium 1 2 | ffmpeg 1 2 3 4 5 | libmatroska 1 |
| libarchive 1 2 3 4 5 6⊠| wireshark 1 2 3 | ImageMagick 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9⊠|
| BIND 1 2 3⊠| QEMU 1 2 | lcms 1 |
| Oracle BerkeleyDB 1 | Android / libstagefright 1 2 | iOS / ImageIO 1 |
| FLAC audio library 1 2 | libsndfile 1 2 3 4 | less / lesspipe 1 2 3 |
| strings (+ related tools) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 | file 1 2 3 4 | dpkg 1 2 |
| rcs 1 | systemd-resolved 1 2 | libyaml 1 |
| Info-Zip unzip 1 2 | libtasn1 1 2⊠| OpenBSD pfctl 1 |
| NetBSD bpf 1 | man & mandoc 1 2 3 4 5⊠| IDA Pro [reported by authors] |
| clamav 1 2 3 4 5 6 | libxml2 1 2 4 5 6 7 8 9⊠| glibc 1 |
| clang / llvm 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8⊠| nasm 1 2 | ctags 1 |
| mutt 1 | procmail 1 | fontconfig 1 |
| pdksh 1 2 | Qt 1 2⊠| wavpack 1 2 3 4 |
| redis / lua-cmsgpack 1 | taglib 1 2 3 | privoxy 1 2 3 |
| perl 1 2 3 4 5 6 7⊠| libxmp | radare2 1 2 |
| SleuthKit 1 | fwknop [reported by author] | X.Org 1 2 |
| exifprobe 1 | jhead [?] | capnproto 1 |
| Xerces-C 1 2 3 | metacam 1 | djvulibre 1 |
| exiv 1 2 | Linux btrfs 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 | Knot DNS 1 |
| curl 1 2 3 | wpa_supplicant 1 | libde265 [reported by author] |
| dnsmasq 1 | libbpg (1) | lame 1 2 3 4 5 6 |
| libwmf 1 | uudecode 1 | MuPDF 1 2 3 4 |
| imlib2 1 2 3 4 | libraw 1 | libbson 1 |
| libsass 1 | yara 1 2 3 4 | W3C tidy-html5 1 |
| VLC 1 2 | FreeBSD syscons 1 2 3 | John the Ripper 1 2 |
| screen 1 2 3 | tmux 1 2 | mosh 1 |
| UPX 1 | indent 1 | openjpeg 1 2 |
| MMIX 1 | OpenMPT 1 2 | rxvt 1 2 |
| dhcpcd 1 | Mozilla NSS 1 | Nettle 1 |
| mbed TLS 1 | Linux netlink 1 | Linux ext4 1 |
| Linux xfs 1 | botan 1 | expat 1 2 |
| Adobe Reader 1 | libav 1 | libical 1 |
| OpenBSD kernel 1 | collectd 1 | libidn 1 2 |
| MatrixSSL 1 | jasper 1 2 3 4 5 6 7⊠| MaraDNS 1 |
| w3m 1 2 3 4 | Xen 1 | OpenH232 1⊠|
| irssi 1 2 3 | cmark 1 | OpenCV 1 |
| Malheur 1 | gstreamer 1⊠| Tor 1 |
| gdk-pixbuf 1 | audiofile 1 2 3 4 5 6⊠| zstd 1 |
| lz4 1 | stb 1 | cJSON 1 |
| libpcre 1 2 3 | MySQL 1 | gnulib 1 |
| openexr 1 | libmad 1 2 | ettercap 1 |
| lrzip 1 2 3 | freetds 1⊠| Asterisk 1 |
| ytnef 1 2 3 4⊠| raptor 1 | mpg123 1 |
| Apache httpd 1 | exempi 1 2 | libgmime 1 2 3 |
| pev 1 2 3 4 | Linux mem mgmt 1 | sleuthkit 1 |
| Mongoose OS 1 | iOS kernel 1 |
On top of this, the fuzzer helped make countless non-security improvements to core tools ( v8, sed, awk, make, m4, yacc, PHP, ImageMagick,freedesktop.org, patch, libtasn1, libvorbis, zsh, lua,ninja, ruby, busybox, gcrypt, vim, Tor, poppler,libopus, BSD sh, gcc, qemu, w3m, zsh, dropbear,libtorrent, git, rust, gravity, e2fsprogs, etc); found security issues in all sorts of less-widespread software (e.g., parrot,lodepng, json-glib, cabextract, libmspack,qprint, gpsbabel, dmg2img,antiword, arj, unrar, unace, zoo,rzip, lrzip, libiso*, libtta, duktape, splint, zpaq, assimp, cppcheck,fasm, catdoc, pngcrush, cmark, p7zip,libjbig2, aaphoto, t1utils,apngopt, sqlparser, mdp, libtinyxml,freexl, bgpparser, testdisk, photorec, btcd,gumbo, chaiscript, teseq, colcrt, pttbbs,capstone, dex2oat, pillow, elftoolchain, aribas,universal-ctags, uriparser, jq, lha, xdelta,gnuplot, libwpd, teseq, cimg, libiberty,policycoreutils, libsemanage, renoise,metapixel, openclone, mp3splt, podofo,glslang, UEFITool, libcbor, lldpd, pngquant,muparserx, mochilo, pyhocon, sysdig, Overpass-API,fish-shell, gumbo-parser, mapbox-gl-native, rapidjson,libjson, FLIF, MultiMarkdown, astyle,pax-utils, zziplib, PyPDF, spiffing,apk, pgpdump, icoutils, msitools, dosfstools,schoco, MojoShader, and so on); and is likely responsible for quite a few other things that werenât publicly attributed to the tool.
Download & other useful links
Hereâs a collection of useful links related to afl-fuzz:
- Latest source tarball ( changes, past releases ),
- Online copy of the README file ( quick start guide ),
- Description of the status screen,
- Generated test cases for common image formats,
- In-depth technical details and benchmarks ( historical notes ).
- AFL++, a more complex fork with a variety of additional features and enhancements.
You can follow the author on Mastodon or Twitter to stay in the loop on major improvements to AFL and related news.
The tool is confirmed to work on x86 Linux, OpenBSD, FreeBSD, and NetBSD, both 32- and 64-bit. It should also work on MacOS X and Solaris, although with some constraints. It supports programs written in C, C++, or Objective C, compiled with either gcc or clang. On Linux, the optional QEMU mode allows black-box binaries to be fuzzed, too.
There are variants and derivatives of AFL that allow you to fuzz Python,Go,Rust,OCaml, GCJ Java,kernel syscalls, or even entire VMs. There is also a closely inspired in-process fuzzer baked into LLVM and a a fork that runs on Windows. Finally, AFL is one of the fuzzing engines behind OSS-Fuzz.
Oh - if you have gnuplot installed, you can use afl-plot to get pretty progress graphs.
Contact and mailing list
To send bug reports, feature requests, or chocolate, simply drop a mail to lcamtuf@coredump.cx. For other projects, check out my homepage.
Your lucky number is: 24744318