1. Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) Method:
    • Project future cash flows
    • Determine a discount rate
    • Calculate the present value of projected cash flows
    • Add the terminal value
  2. Comparable Company Analysis:
    • Identify similar companies
    • Calculate valuation multiples (e.g., P/E ratio, EV/EBITDA)
    • Apply these multiples to the company being valued
  3. Precedent Transactions Method:
    • Analyse recent sales of similar companies
    • Calculate transaction multiples
    • Apply these to the company being valued
  4. Asset-Based Valuation:
    • Sum up the fair market value of all assets
    • Subtract total liabilities
  5. Earnings Multiples:
    • Use a multiple of earnings (e.g., 5x annual profit)
    • Often used for small businesses

Analysts often use multiple approaches and consider various factors like growth potential, market conditions, and industry trends.